Anatomy

• Malleolus medialis – distal process of the tibia on the medial side, an important landmark for the deltoid ligament, tendon of m. tibialis posterior, and flexor retinaculum.
• Malleolus lateralis – distal end of the fibula, a key point for examination of the lateral ligamentous complex and peroneal tendons.
• Trochlea tali – the superior articular surface of the talus, visible in the anterior recess of the ankle, important when evaluating effusion and osteochondral lesions.
• Calcaneus – heel bone, insertion site of the Achilles tendon and reference point for surrounding bursae and soft tissues.
• Tuberositas ossis navicularis – bony prominence on the medial side of the foot, important for orientation when examining the m. tibialis posterior tendon and spring ligament.
• Base of the 5th metatarsal – lateral bony landmark, insertion site of the m. peroneus brevis tendon.
• Anterior margin of the distal tibia – landmark for the anterior joint recess and assessment of synovitis or effusion.

Muscles – anterior group

• Tibialis anterior – dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot.
• Extensor hallucis longus – extension of the thumb and dorsiflexion.
• Extensor digitorum longus – extension of toes 2–5 and dorsiflexion.

Muscles – lateral group

• Peroneus longus – eversion and plantar flexion.
• Peroneus brevis – eversion and plantar flexion.

Muscles – posterior deep group

• Tibialis posterior – inversion and plantar flexion.
• Flexor digitorum longus – flexion of toes 2–5 and plantar flexion.
• Flexor hallucis longus – flexion of the big toe and plantar flexion.

Muscles – posterior superficial group

• Gastrocnemius – plantar flexion of the foot, also assists with knee flexion.
• Soleus – plantar flexion of the foot.
• Achilles tendon – common insertion of m. gastrocnemius and m. soleus on the posterior surface of the calcaneus.